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Creative Commons licenses are public licenses. A public license permits certain uses of copyrighted materials by the public at large. If a work you wish to use has been released under a public license, you do not have to seek additional permission from the rightsholder in order to do the things authorized by the license. However, you do still need to follow the license terms. For example, the license may require attribution to the original author or it may forbid commercial uses. Other public licenses include the licenses on the lists of free software licenses maintained by the Free Software Foundation and the licenses approved by the Open Source Initiative.
The following descriptions of the Creative Commons licenses come from About the Licenses by Creative Commons and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Creative Commons also offers a Public Domain Dedication, known as CC0. You can use CC0 to waive your copyright in a work. For more information about CC0, consult Creative Commons's CC0 FAQ.
This 2002 video from Creative Commons explains why Creative Commons was founded and what it does.